Metastases

Causes of Metastases

The main cause of metastases is the ability of malignant cells to penetrate the blood or lymphatic system and migrate to other parts of the body. Most often, metastatic lesions occur in:

• aggressive forms of tumors;

• advanced stages of cancer;

• insufficiently effective treatment of the primary tumor;

• patient's immune deficiency.

Symptoms of Metastases

Clinical manifestations depend on the location of secondary lesions. Metastases in the lungs can cause shortness of breath and cough; in the bones — pain and fractures; in the liver — jaundice and heaviness in the right hypochondrium. Generalized symptoms include:

• weakness and weight loss;

• persistent fever;

• pain in the area of the affected organ;

• decreased appetite;

• general body intoxication.

These signs are non-specific and therefore require thorough diagnostics. 

Classification of Metastases

Metastases are classified by several criteria:

• By direction of spread: lymphogenic and hematogenous;

• By quantity: solitary, multiple;

• By rate of development: slowly and rapidly progressing;

• By localization: metastases in the liver, bones, brain, lungs, and other organs.

Each type requires an individual approach to diagnosis and therapy. 

Pathways of Metastatic Spread

There are several main pathways by which tumor cells spread throughout the body:

• lymphogenic (through lymphatic vessels);

• hematogenous (through the blood);

• implantation (along serous membranes, such as in the abdominal or pleural cavity).

There is also a mixed pathway, where cells spread through several mechanisms simultaneously.

Diagnosis of Metastases

Diagnostic Methods

The choice of method depends on the presumed localization of metastases. Key studies include:

• CT and MRI scans;

• positron emission tomography (PET);

• ultrasound, X-ray;

• blood tests for tumor markers;

• biopsy of the metastatic lesion.

Modern technologies allow detection of even small metastatic formations at an early stage. 

Treatment of Metastases

Modern Treatment Methods

The treatment approach is selected individually depending on the spread of the disease, the patient’s condition, and the primary tumor site. Main methods include:

• chemotherapy (systemic or regional);

• immunotherapy;

• targeted therapy;

• radiosurgery;

• radiation therapy;

• surgical removal of single lesions.

Anticancer Drugs

Modern regimens include cytostatics, monoclonal antibodies, angiogenesis inhibitors, and other drugs. Medication selection depends on the tumor type and its sensitivity.

Surgical Interventions

If a limited number of metastases are present in the liver, lungs, or brain, radical removal may be possible. Surgery can be the only way to extend a patient’s life.

Radiation Therapy

Effective for bone tissue, brain, and other hard-to-reach areas. It helps reduce tumor size, relieve pain, and improve general condition.

Osteomodifying Therapy

Used for bone metastases. These drugs strengthen bone tissue, reduce fracture risk, and alleviate pain.

Prognosis and Stages of Metastases

The prognosis depends on the number and localization of metastatic foci, overall body condition, and tumor sensitivity to treatment. With early detection and effective treatment, long-term remission is possible. Advanced stages often require palliative care to control symptoms and improve quality of life.

Prevention of Metastases

Complete elimination of metastasis risk is impossible, but prevention includes:

• early diagnosis and timely treatment of the primary tumor;

• regular check-ups after therapy;

• a healthy lifestyle and avoiding bad habits;

• management of chronic conditions.

Treatment in Russia

Clinics

Russia offers treatment of metastases at leading medical centers: European Medical Center (EMC), N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, MEDSI clinic. These facilities provide modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods, including targeted drugs, stereotactic radiosurgery, and innovative surgical technologies.

Cost of Treatment

The cost of treating metastases in Russia depends on the type of primary cancer, number of metastases, treatment strategy, and duration. Prices are formed individually but usually remain affordable compared to Western countries.

How MARUS Can Help

The MARUS platform is designed for international patients seeking metastasis treatment in Russia. The service helps select the right clinic, organize diagnostics, handle documentation, transfers, and accommodation. The patient receives full support at every stage — from the initial request to completion of therapy. With MARUS, treatment of metastases in Russia becomes safe, accessible, and transparent.