Congenital Heart Defect

Causes of Congenital Heart Defects

The main factors in the development of congenital heart defects (CHD) are genetic and environmental. Most common causes include:

• Genetic mutations and hereditary diseases

• Infectious diseases during pregnancy (e.g., rubella)

• Exposure to toxins, smoking, alcohol, medications

• Maternal diabetes and other chronic conditions

• Maternal age over 35 years

Symptoms of Congenital Heart Defects

Symptoms depend on the severity and type of defect. Key signs include:

• Shortness of breath during feeding, fatigue

• Poor weight gain

• Cyanosis (bluish tint) of skin and mucous membranes

• Rapid heartbeat

• Frequent respiratory infections

• Characteristic heart murmurs detected during chest auscultation

Classification of Defects

CHDs are generally divided into two categories:

• Cyanotic — impaired oxygenation with cyanosis (e.g., Tetralogy of Fallot)

• Acyanotic — poor organ perfusion without cyanosis (e.g., aortic coarctation)

Other classifications include:

• Left-to-right shunting

• Right-to-left shunting

• No shunting (obstructive lesions)

Complications of Congenital Defects

Without timely treatment, complications may include:

• Chronic heart failure

• Arrhythmias

• Pulmonary hypertension

• Delayed physical and psychoemotional development

• Increased risk of endocarditis

Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects

Prenatal Diagnosis

Ultrasound methods can detect abnormalities during pregnancy. If suspected, fetal echocardiography is performed.

Newborn Screening

After birth, a visual exam and oxygen saturation test are done. Heart murmurs or low saturation require further testing.

Instrumental Diagnosis

To confirm the diagnosis, the following are used:

• ECG

• Echocardiography

• Chest X-ray

• MRI

• Cardiac catheterization with contrast

Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects

Treatment strategy depends on the diagnosis and the infant’s condition. In most cases, surgery is required.

Surgical Treatment

Open-Heart Surgery

Performed through a chest incision, often with cardiopulmonary bypass. These procedures provide radical correction.

Interventional Cardiology Procedures

Minimally invasive techniques using vascular access. Occluders, stents, and other devices are introduced via catheter.

Planned and Emergency Surgeries

Planned interventions are done in stable conditions without immediate risk. Emergency surgeries are performed for severe cases.

Prevention of Congenital Heart Defects

Risk can be reduced by:

• Healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy

• Infection prevention

• Avoiding self-medication

• Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure

• Regular ultrasounds and screenings

Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects in Russia

Clinics

• Petrovsky National Center for Surgery — a federal center with extensive experience in treating congenital heart defects. The center uses advanced diagnostic and surgical technologies, including reconstructive procedures for all ages. It also conducts research and develops modern treatment strategies.
• MEDSI — MEDSI clinics diagnose and treat congenital heart defects in adults and children. Physicians use advanced imaging and perform both minimally invasive and open surgeries.
• EMC — offers treatment for complex heart defects with a multidisciplinary team. The center is equipped with high-tech facilities and adheres to international cardiac surgery standards.
• Scandinavia Clinic — provides a full cycle of care, from initial diagnosis to post-operative rehabilitation. Gentle correction methods and personalized follow-up plans are used.

Cost

The price depends on the complexity of the procedure and the child’s condition. The average cost of surgery ranges from $2500 to $8900. Additional costs include diagnostics, hospital stay, and rehabilitation.

MARUS Assistance

The MARUS service will help you choose a clinic for the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects in Russia, compare options and prices, book appointments, and receive support at every stage. We partner with verified medical centers and experienced cardiac surgeons to ensure you receive high-quality care and feel safe throughout the process.