Hepatitis C

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary route of transmission is through blood. The risk increases with blood transfusions and organ transplants. Infection can occur when the virus enters the bloodstream from external sources, for example, through the use of non-sterile medical instruments or in conditions where sanitary standards are not maintained. Healthcare workers who regularly come into contact with blood are also at risk. Additionally, the virus can be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth.

Symptoms

The main symptoms depend on the form and stage of the disease. In the acute phase, patients often experience:

• Elevated temperature;

• Nausea and vomiting;

• Pain in the right upper abdomen;

• Fatigue and weakness;

• Dark urine and pale stool;

• Yellowing of the skin and sclera.

Chronic liver inflammation can remain asymptomatic for a long time or present with general weakness, digestive disorders, and periodic pain in the liver area. 

Diagnosis of Hepatitis C

Accurate and timely diagnosis of hepatitis C allows for determining the stage of the disease, selecting effective therapy, and reducing the risk of complications. The examination is comprehensive and includes laboratory and instrumental methods.

Laboratory Methods

The first step in diagnosis is a blood test for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV). A positive result indicates that the body has already encountered the virus. To confirm an active infection, a PCR test (polymerase chain reaction) is performed to detect viral RNA and determine the viral load in the blood.

Additional laboratory tests include:

• Biochemical blood test — to assess liver function and detect abnormalities in ALT, AST, bilirubin, and other markers.

• Coagulation test — to evaluate the blood clotting system.

• Viral genotype test — to select the most effective treatment regimen.

Laboratory tests are the foundation for diagnosis and monitoring treatment effectiveness.

Instrumental Methods

Instrumental studies help assess the extent of liver damage and possible structural changes. Most commonly used:

• Abdominal ultrasound — to determine liver size, detect fibrosis, or cirrhosis.

• Elastography — a modern, painless method to assess liver tissue density and the degree of fibrosis.

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) — used for detailed imaging of the liver and nearby organs.

• Liver biopsy — an invasive method used in complex or unclear cases to clarify the degree of inflammation and fibrosis at the cellular level.

Instrumental diagnostics provide a comprehensive assessment of the liver’s condition, help determine the disease stage, and choose the most appropriate treatment method.

Disease Progression

After infection, the virus enters liver cells where it actively multiplies. The immune system responds to the infection by attacking the damaged cells, causing inflammation and gradual destruction of liver tissue. Prolonged chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis, which may eventually progress to cirrhosis.

Possible Complications

If left untreated, hepatitis C can lead to severe consequences: fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. In some cases, hepatitis C can trigger systemic autoimmune reactions, affecting the kidneys and blood vessels. The risk of complications is higher in older patients, in cases of alcohol abuse, and in the presence of other diseases.

Treatment of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C treatment in Russia is conducted using modern antiviral drugs. The core of therapy consists of direct-acting antiviral agents, including regimens with sofosbuvir and its analogues. These medications help achieve a complete cure in most cases.

Modern Methods and Medications

Hepatitis C treatment includes:

• Direct-acting antiviral medications (e.g., sofosbuvir);

• Hepatoprotectors to support liver function;

• Symptomatic therapy as needed.

The treatment course is selected individually based on the virus genotype, liver condition, and co-existing diseases. The average treatment duration is 8–12 weeks.

Side Effects and Safety

Modern medications are generally well-tolerated, but some patients may experience:

• Headaches;

• Fatigue;

• Sleep disturbances;

• Mild digestive issues.

These side effects usually pass quickly and rarely require discontinuation of therapy.

Lifestyle Recommendations During Therapy

For successful treatment, it is important to follow these recommendations:

• Complete abstinence from alcohol;

• A light, balanced diet;

• Strict adherence to the medication regimen;

• Moderate physical activity.

A healthy lifestyle supports faster recovery and liver function.

The MARUS platform helps international patients with hepatitis C undergo treatment at leading clinics in Russia. We select appropriate specialists, arrange appointments, assist with documentation, and provide support at every stage — from the initial consultation to the completion of therapy. With MARUS, patients from abroad can focus on their health while we handle all organizational matters. 

Prevention and Rehabilitation

The main preventive measure is to avoid contact with other people’s blood and follow hygiene standards. It is crucial to ensure medical procedures are sterile, use disposable instruments, avoid intravenous drug use, and practice safe sex. Today, donated blood is thoroughly screened, which significantly reduces the risk of transmission through transfusions.

After successful treatment, patients are advised to continue rehabilitation: maintain a balanced diet rich in protein and vitamins, stay moderately active, monitor liver health, and regularly visit a hepatologist for one year.

When to See a Doctor

Reasons to see a doctor include persistent fatigue, reduced work capacity, nausea, discomfort in the liver area, yellowing of the skin, or dark-colored urine. If a hepatitis C test comes back positive, it is crucial to start treatment promptly. The earlier treatment begins, the higher the chances of full recovery.

Today, hepatitis C is successfully treated, and modern methods not only eliminate the virus but also preserve quality of life.