Epilepsy

Causes of Epilepsy

The causes of epilepsy can be either congenital or acquired. The main contributing factors include:

• Genetic predisposition

• Traumatic brain injuries

• Past infectious diseases (meningitis, encephalitis)

• Brain tumors and developmental abnormalities

• Strokes and vascular pathologies

• Prenatal damage to the nervous system

In some cases, the cause of epilepsy remains unknown. 

Symptoms of Epilepsy

The primary sign of epilepsy is recurrent seizures, which may manifest as:

• Convulsions

• Loss of consciousness

• Uncontrolled movements

• Temporary speech and memory disturbances

• Changes in behavior and mood

Seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes, often followed by a phase of disorientation or drowsiness. 

Types of Seizures

There are several types of epileptic seizures, depending on which areas of the brain are involved:

• Focal (partial) – limited to one brain region

• Generalized – affect both hemispheres

• Aura – warning signs before a seizure, which may include unusual sensations, sounds, or smells

• Absence seizures – brief losses of consciousness without convulsions

Classification of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is classified based on its causes and clinical characteristics. The main types include:

• Idiopathic (congenital, without visible structural brain changes)

• Symptomatic (caused by injury, tumor, infection, etc.)

• Cryptogenic (suspected structural causes that have not been identified)

Diagnosis of Epilepsy

The diagnosis of epilepsy involves a combination of methods:

• Medical history and symptom analysis

• Electroencephalography (EEG)

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• Computed tomography (CT)

• In some cases, additional neuropsychological tests may be recommended

Accurate identification of the epilepsy type allows for the development of an optimal treatment plan. 

Treatment of Epilepsy

The primary treatment for epilepsy is medication using antiepileptic drugs. Depending on the form of the disorder and the patient’s response to therapy, the following approaches may be used:

• Prescription of medications to control seizures

• Surgical treatment for identified seizure foci that are drug-resistant

• Implantation of neurostimulators (in selected cases)

• Dietary therapy (e.g., ketogenic diet)

The goal of treatment is to eliminate seizures completely or significantly reduce their frequency and improve the patient’s quality of life. 

Epilepsy Treatment in Russia

Epilepsy treatment in Russia is carried out in leading medical centers using advanced technologies and equipment. Doctors offer personalized drug therapy plans, perform surgeries (including minimally invasive procedures), and provide comprehensive rehabilitation programs.

The modern approach to epilepsy treatment in Russia includes:

• Use of the latest antiepileptic medications

• Performing complex neurosurgical procedures

• Use of neurostimulation techniques

• Continuous monitoring of the patient's condition

In many cases, treatment can achieve long-term remission or complete seizure control.

The MARUS platform assists international patients in accessing high-quality diagnosis and treatment for epilepsy in Russia. We select specialized clinics, help find experienced neurologists and neurosurgeons, and provide support at all stages — from initial consultations to rehabilitation. With MARUS, patients can focus on treatment without worrying about organizational issues.