Multiple myeloma

What is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is classified as a paraproteinemic hematologic malignancy. The cancer arises from B lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells, which begin to produce abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). These proteins accumulate in the blood and organs, leading to kidney dysfunction, bone lesions, and immune suppression.

Although most commonly diagnosed in people over 60, the disease is increasingly being detected in younger patients thanks to improved screening.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unknown, but the following risk factors are well documented:

• Age over 60;
• Male gender;
• Family history of hematologic cancers;
• Exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals (e.g., benzene, pesticides);
• Chronic viral infections (e.g., HIV, HHV-8);
• Precursor conditions such as MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance).

Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

The symptoms of myeloma can develop gradually and are often nonspecific:

• Bone pain, especially in the spine, ribs, or pelvis;
• Anemia, fatigue, shortness of breath;
• Recurrent infections due to impaired immunity;
• Signs of hypercalcemia: thirst, nausea, mental confusion;
• Renal dysfunction (elevated creatinine levels);
• Unintentional weight loss and appetite reduction.

Diagnosis

Comprehensive diagnostics in Russian oncology centers include:

• Blood tests (CBC, biochemistry, calcium, creatinine);
• Serum and urine protein electrophoresis to detect M-protein;
• Immunofixation and serum free light chain analysis;
• Bone marrow biopsy with cytological examination;
• MRI or CT to assess bone lesions;
• PET-CT in cases with suspected extramedullary disease.

Myeloma Treatment Options in Russia

Russian hematology and oncology clinics apply individualized treatment regimens in accordance with international standards:

• Induction therapy with modern agents such as bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone;
• Autologous stem cell transplantation — the gold standard for eligible patients under 70 with good performance status;
• Maintenance therapy using lenalidomide to suppress minimal residual disease;
• Targeted and immunotherapy — including monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab, elotuzumab) and BCMA-targeted agents;
• CAR-T cell therapy — an innovative approach for relapsed/refractory myeloma involving genetically modified T-cells that seek and destroy malignant cells;
• Supportive care to manage anemia, hypercalcemia, infections, and bone loss.

Why Choose Treatment in Russia?

Russia offers high-quality, cost-effective care for multiple myeloma with several distinct advantages:

• Access to both original and generic formulations of cutting-edge medications;
• Rapid diagnostics and no long waiting periods;
• Personalized multidisciplinary treatment plans;
• Affordable costs compared to clinics in the U.S. and Western Europe.

Treating Multiple Myeloma with the MARUS Platform

MARUS is a medical coordination platform that supports international patients throughout their treatment journey in Russia. From the first consultation to follow-up care, MARUS provides access to top specialists, organizes remote and in-person visits, coordinates diagnostics and hospital admission, and facilitates all logistics including visa support and personal interpretation. MARUS also enables patients to benefit from advanced therapies such as stem cell transplantation and CAR-T treatment, with native-language guidance and full service at every stage.

Prognosis and Rehabilitation 

While multiple myeloma is a chronic condition, modern treatment regimens enable long-term remission and preserve quality of life. Post-treatment care should include:

• Regular monitoring and follow-up tests;
• Bone health management (bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D);
• Light physical activity under supervision;
• Psychological and social support.