Hemorrhoids

Anatomy and functions of hemorrhoidal nodes

Hemorrhoidal nodes are venous formations located in the submucosal layer of the rectum and anal canal. They are venous plexuses that provide elasticity and ensure reliable closure of the anus. Normally, hemorrhoidal nodes regulate blood flow and prevent uncontrolled release of gas and stool.

Factors contributing to the development of hemorrhoids

The development of the disease is associated with multiple factors affecting venous vessels:

• Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movements;

• Sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity;

• Pregnancy and childbirth, increasing pressure on pelvic veins;

• Obesity and poor nutrition;

• Heavy physical work and lifting weights;

• Genetic predisposition;

• Age-related changes in vein walls and weakened vascular tone.

These causes lead to blood stasis, vein dilation, and formation of hemorrhoidal nodes.

Classification and types of hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are divided into several types depending on their location and manifestations:

• Internal — nodes form inside the rectum above the anal sphincter;

• External — nodes are located under the skin around the anus;

• Combined — a combination of internal and external hemorrhoids.

The disease is also classified by the severity of symptoms and stages of development.

Symptoms and signs of hemorrhoids

The main manifestations of the disease are related to inflammation and irritation of tissues in the anal area:

• Pain and burning during bowel movements;

• Rectal bleeding, usually after defecation;

• Prolapse of hemorrhoidal nodes (internal nodes);

• Itching and a sensation of a foreign body in the anal canal;

• Swelling and redness of the skin around the anus.

Stages of hemorrhoids

The disease progresses through several stages:

• Initial — slight vein dilation, almost no symptoms;

• Moderate — nodes enlarge, discomfort and minor bleeding appear;

• Advanced — prolapse of nodes during defecation with spontaneous reposition;

• Severe — constant prolapse, severe pain and bleeding, risk of complications.

Complications of hemorrhoids

Without timely treatment, the condition may lead to serious consequences:

• Thrombosis of hemorrhoidal nodes;

• Inflammatory processes and suppuration;

• Anemia due to chronic blood loss;

• Anal canal stenosis;

• Sphincter dysfunction and fecal incontinence.

Diagnostic methods for hemorrhoids

For accurate diagnosis, the following methods are used:

• Visual examination and digital rectal exam;

• Anoscopy — endoscopic examination of the anal canal;

• Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy to rule out other intestinal diseases;

• Ultrasound of veins.

Diagnosis helps determine the stage of the disease and select the optimal treatment method.

Treatment of hemorrhoids

Medication treatment

Includes the use of: 

• Topical remedies: ointments, gels, and suppositories with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and venotonic effects;

• Systemic drugs to improve vascular health and reduce inflammation;

• Diet therapy and lifestyle recommendations to prevent constipation.

Minimally invasive treatment methods

Effective modern procedures:

• Rubber band ligation — cutting off blood supply to the node for its regression;

• Sclerotherapy — injection of sclerosing agents to eliminate varicose dilation;

• Infrared coagulation — heat application to shrink nodes;

• Laser therapy — non-surgical removal of nodes.

Surgical treatment methods

Indicated in advanced stages or complications:

• Hemorrhoidectomy — classical removal of nodes;

• Parks’ method — removal with mucosa preservation for faster healing;

• Endoscopic and other modern surgical techniques.

Hemorrhoids during pregnancy

Pregnancy is one of the main risk factors. Increased pressure on pelvic veins and hormonal changes contribute to the development of hemorrhoids. Treatment during pregnancy is mainly conservative, using safe methods under medical supervision.

Rehabilitation after treatment

After treatment, it is important to follow recommendations:

• High-fiber diet to prevent constipation;

• Regular anal hygiene;

• Avoiding heavy physical activity;

• Taking venotonics and maintaining regimen;

• Regular doctor check-ups to detect recurrences in time.

Prognosis and prevention of hemorrhoids

With timely medical care, the prognosis is favorable. Preventive measures include:

• Active lifestyle and physical activity;

• Balanced diet with sufficient fluid and fiber intake;

• Avoiding prolonged sitting and heavy lifting;

• Stool regulation and timely treatment of constipation.

Hemorrhoid treatment in Russia

Clinics

In Russia, hemorrhoid treatment is provided by leading medical centers:

• Medsi — equipped with modern technology, offers comprehensive diagnostics and effective therapies;

• S.P. Botkin Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center — a major institution experienced in treating complex proctological conditions;

• EMC (European Medical Center) — a private clinic with comfortable facilities and advanced minimally invasive procedures.

All institutions provide an individual approach and modern treatment options.

Cost

The cost of therapy depends on the method and clinic. Minimally invasive procedures start at $180, surgical treatment — from $600, comprehensive diagnostics — from $120.

MARUS assistance

MARUS service helps organize hemorrhoid treatment in Russia for international patients. We select clinics with experienced specialists, coordinate consultations, assist with documentation, and provide support throughout all treatment stages.

MARUS ensures convenience and safety, making high-quality medical care accessible to patients worldwide.