Functions in the Body
Vitamin B9 ensures the synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids, participates in the production of red blood cells, and influences the nervous and immune systems. Without a sufficient amount of this substance, cell growth and renewal are impaired, which negatively affects overall health.
Benefits and Possible Risks
The benefits include maintaining proper body function: folate promotes tissue growth, supports normal brain function, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Potential risks occur with excessive supplementation: overdose may cause digestive disorders or mask a deficiency of other B vitamins.
The Role of Folic Acid During Pregnancy
Folic acid plays a vital role in the healthy development of the fetus. It is especially important in the earliest stages, when the neural tube — the precursor of the brain and spinal cord — is forming. Adequate folate levels reduce the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida or anencephaly.
Additionally, vitamin B9 is necessary for:
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Formation of organs and tissues — supports cell division and DNA synthesis, which are critical for rapid embryonic growth.
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Placental development — ensures proper metabolic exchange between mother and child.
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Blood formation — aids in the production of red blood cells, reducing the risk of anemia in the expectant mother.
Doctors emphasize that it is best to start folic acid supplementation even during the planning stage of pregnancy, since the fetal nervous system begins to develop in the first weeks after conception, often before a woman knows she is pregnant.
The recommended dose for women preparing for pregnancy and during the first trimester is generally 400–800 mcg per day (the exact dosage is determined by a doctor). In certain cases — such as vitamin deficiency or chronic illness — the dose may be higher.
Importance for Women
This vitamin plays a significant role in women’s health. It helps regulate the hormonal system, supports reproductive function, and lowers the risk of anemia. Beyond pregnancy, it is also important for skin, hair, and the immune system.
Foods Rich in Folate
Natural sources include green vegetables, citrus fruits, legumes, liver, and nuts. Some foods are additionally fortified with this vitamin.
Examples of folate-rich foods:
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Spinach, broccoli, lettuce
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Oranges, lemons, bananas
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Beans, peas, lentils
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Beef and chicken liver
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Walnuts, sunflower seeds
Daily Requirement of Folic Acid
For adults, the recommended daily intake is about 400 mcg. Pregnant women require 600 mcg, breastfeeding women 500 mcg. Children need less, depending on age. Meeting the daily requirement is essential for proper development and overall health.
Folic Acid Deficiency
Symptoms
Deficiency may present as weakness, fatigue, pale skin, memory and concentration problems. It can also lead to anemia and reduced immunity.
Causes of Folic Acid Deficiency
The main factors include poor diet, gastrointestinal disorders, certain medications, and increased demand during pregnancy.
Risk Groups
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Pregnant women
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Elderly individuals
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Patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases
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People with alcohol dependence
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Individuals with high B-vitamin demands
Consequences
Prolonged deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, neurological disorders, growth retardation in children, pregnancy complications, and birth defects.
Diagnosis
Blood Test
Measuring folate levels in the blood helps identify deficiency at an early stage.
Genetic Testing
Molecular genetic tests can detect mutations in genes affecting folate metabolism and help assess individual risks.
Correcting Folic Acid Deficiency
Supplements
The most common method is taking folic acid in tablet form. The dosage is determined by a doctor depending on the severity of deficiency.
Diet
Adjusting the diet to include folate-rich foods helps restore normal levels.
Monitoring
Regular monitoring of vitamin B9 levels is necessary to ensure treatment effectiveness and prevent overdose.